Intraoperative Indocyanine Green Imaging Technique in Cardiovascular Surgery

The number of patients with arteriosclerotic disease requiring revascularization surgery such as coronary arterial bypass grafting (CABG) is increasing [1]. In CABG, off-pump CABG (OPCAB) has reduced incidence of operative mortality, which was reported to be as low as 0.6% in the Japanese database of 2009 cases and has enabled surgical treatment for those patients who could not tolerate conventional CABG under cardiac arrest [1]. However, offpump technique can adversely deteriorate the quality of coronary anastomosis due to technical difficulties, potentially leading to a higher rate of graft occlusion or stenosis [2]. In addition, surgery for peripheral arterial disease (PAD) has become more complicated due to an increas‐ ing number of patients with longer period of chronic renal failure [3]. They often necessitate revascularization surgery to the paramalleolar arteries.